Protocol Layer (Layer 0)- Establishes the foundational rules and standards governing the blockchain network's operations and interactions
Network Layer (Layer 1)- Manages peer-to-peer connections among nodes, facilitating transaction propagation and data synchronization across the network
Consensus Layer (Layer 2)- Implements mechanisms like Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake to validate and agree upon the legitimacy of transactions
Data Layer (Layer 3)- Handles the secure storage of transaction data in blocks, maintaining the blockchain's immutable ledger
Application Layer (Layer 4)- Encompasses user-facing components such as decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts, enabling real-world blockchain interactions